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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">inppd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Инновационная наука: Психология. Педагогика. Дефектология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Innovative science: psychology, pedagogy, defectology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7165</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University - DSTU, Rostov-on-Don, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2658-7165-2024-7-5-75-82</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ZPFIHP</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">inppd-364</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЩАЯ ПЕДАГОГИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GENERAL PEDAGOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Проблемы и перспективы управления высшим образованием в Ираке</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Problems and Prospects  of Higher Education Management in Iraq</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-9430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ростов-на-Дону</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Aleksandrovna Makarova, Dr. Sc. (Psychology), Professor of the General and Consultative Psychology Department</p><p>1, Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makarova.h@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4100-4879</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>Е. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ростов-на-Дону</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Lvovna Makarova, Cand. Sc. (Psychology), associate professor of the Management and Innovative Technologies Department</p><p>105/42, Bolshaya Sadovaya St., Rostov-on-Don, 344006</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elmakarova@sfedu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ал-Машхадани</surname><given-names>Д.Т.И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Al-Mashhdani</surname><given-names>D.T.I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Багдад</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Duha Taha Ismail Al-Mashhadani, Master of International Business Program, Management and Innovative Technologies Department</p><p>Baghdad</p><p>105/42, Bolshaya Sadovaya St., Rostov-on-Don, 344006</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">duhaalmashhdani@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донской государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Южный федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Колледж администрации и экономики Университета Аль-Иракия</institution><country>Ирак</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Al- Iraqia University College of Administration and Economics</institution><country>Iraq</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Макарова Е.А., Макарова Е.Л., Ал-Машхадани Д., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Макарова Е.А., Макарова Е.Л., Ал-Машхадани Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Makarova E.A., Makarova E.L., Al-Mashhdani D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.inov-ppd.ru/jour/article/view/364">https://www.inov-ppd.ru/jour/article/view/364</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Благодаря поддержке правительства и инновационной системе управления иракская система образования стала не просто учебно-воспитательными учреждениями, но и современной иерархической структурой, отвечающей потребностям современности, напрямую связанной с ростом и развитием нации. Изучение проблем и перспектив управления высшим образованием в Ираке поможет молодым людям, поступающим по программе студенческого обмена, определиться с выбором учебного заведения и профессионального направления. Чтобы определить основные проблемы, с которыми сталкивается большинство университетов и институтов Ирака в течение последних нескольких лет, мы использовали три разных метафоры для их рассмотрения: как машин, как организмов и, наконец, как культур. Это связано с тем фактом, что любая теория для изучения организации, хотя и может дать ценную информацию, является предвзятой и неполной.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Анализ текущей системы образования позволяет увидеть проблемы и предвидеть перспективы развития высшего образования в Ираке.</p></sec><sec><title>Университеты как машины</title><p>Университеты как машины. С помощью данной метафоры было выявлено, что в иракской системе высшего образования присутствует проблема нарушения иерархии вышестоящими ее звеньями в случае менеджмента. Также была обнаружена проблема отсутствия поощрения инициативы, что препятствует развитию критического мышления студентов. Кроме того, выявлены проблемы внутренней координации колледжей, дисбаланса между полномочиями и ответственностью, недостатка образовательных программ и эффективности.</p><p>Университеты как организмы. Согласно данной метафоре, рассмотрение университетов происходит с учетом внешней среды и возможных закономерностей ее изменения. На данном этапе обзора были выявлены такие проблемы, как деградация системы высшего образования в силу тяжелых условий в стране и вмешательства правительства, неприменимость классического подхода к университетам Ирака, недостаточность поддержки преподавателей со стороны администрации, высокая степень централизации, влияние политических партий и религиозных групп на высшее образование в стране.</p><p>Университеты как культуры. На данном этапе обзора были выявлены культурно обусловленные проблемы, такие как консервативность, следовательно и сопротивление изменениям, направленность на выживание, неэффективная борьба с коррупцией.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение результатов</title><p>Обсуждение результатов. В рассматриваемом предметном поле много противоречивых данных относительно отдельных проблем, характерных для высшего образования Ирака. Однако их наличие неоспоримо и результатом данного обзора является комплексный перечень зон роста Иракского высшего образования.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Thanks to the government support and the innovative management system, the Iraqi education system has become not just educational institutions, but a modern hierarchical structure that meets the needs of modernity, directly related to the growth and development of the nation. Studying the problems and prospects of higher education management in Iraq will help young people entering a student exchange program decide on their choice of educational institution and professional direction. To identify the main challenges that most universities and institutes in Iraq have faced over the past few years, we used three different metaphors to view them: as machines, as organisms, and finally as cultures. This is due to the fact that any theory for studying an organization, although it can provide valuable information, is biased and incomplete.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Analyze the current educational system to see the problems and foresee the prospects of higher education in Iraq.</p></sec><sec><title>Universities as machines</title><p>Universities as machines. Using this metaphor, it was found that the Iraqi higher education system has a problem of violation of hierarchy by its superiors in the case of management. Also, the problem of lack of encouragement of initiative was found to be present, which hinders the development of students’ critical thinking. In addition, the problems of internal coordination of colleges, imbalance between authority and responsibility, lack of educational programs, and efficiency were found.</p><p>Universities as organisms. According to this metaphor, the review of universities takes into account the external environment and possible patterns of change. At this stage of the review, problems such as degradation of the higher education system due to harsh conditions in the country and government interference were identified, the inapplicability of the classical approach to universities in Iraq, the lack of support for teachers from the administration, a high degree of centralization, and the influence of political parties and religious groups on higher education in the country. Universities as cultures. At this stage of the review, culturally based problems such as conservatism, consequently, and resistance to change, survival orientation, and ineffective fight against corruption were identified.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. In the subject field overview, there is much conflicting evidence on individual problems specific to higher education in Iraq. However, its presence is undeniable and the result of this review is a comprehensive list of growth areas of Iraqi higher education.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>образование Ирака</kwd><kwd>иерархия</kwd><kwd>управление образованием</kwd><kwd>оценка</kwd><kwd>высшее образование</kwd><kwd>учебная программа</kwd><kwd>международные стандарты</kwd><kwd>дефицит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Iraqi education</kwd><kwd>hierarchy</kwd><kwd>education management</kwd><kwd>assessment</kwd><kwd>higher education</kwd><kwd>curriculum</kwd><kwd>international  standards</kwd><kwd>deficiency</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абдулкадер, А. Л., и Ямпольская, Л. Н. (2022). Современная система высшего образования в Ираке: проблемы и перспективы. В Сходознавство. Актуальність та перспективи. 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