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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">inppd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Инновационная наука: Психология. Педагогика. Дефектология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Innovative science: psychology, pedagogy, defectology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7165</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University - DSTU, Rostov-on-Don, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2658-7165-2025-8-4-31-39</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">KOBJIX</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">inppd-457</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПСИХОЛОГИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Модель психического: понимание намерений детьми 2–5 лет с типичным развитием и риском расстройств аутистического спектра</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Theory of Mind: Understanding of Intentions by Children Aged 2–5 Years  with Typical Development and at Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9619-9402</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильина</surname><given-names>Екатерина А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ильина Екатерина Александровна, аспирант, лаборатория психологии развития субъекта в нормальных и посттравматических состояниях</p><p>https://elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=1169117</p><p>129366, г. Москва, ул. Ярославская, 13/1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilyina Ekaterina Aleksandrovna, postgraduate student, Laboratory of Psychology of Subject Development in Normal and Post-Traumatic Conditions</p><p>https://elibrary.ru/author_profile.asp?id=1169117</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilinaea@ipran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт психологии Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ильина Е.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ильина Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ilyina E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.inov-ppd.ru/jour/article/view/457">https://www.inov-ppd.ru/jour/article/view/457</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Актуальность проблемы обусловлена значимостью способностей модели психического для социальной адаптации – понимание других людей, их намерений, прогнозирование дальнейших действий, способность понимать и рассуждать о причинах наших действий.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Сравнить понимание детьми намерений по незавершенным обычным и необычным действиям, а также понимание детьми различий намеренных и ненамеренных действий другого.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для оценки понимания намерений использовались задачи: 1) Понимание намерений по незавершенным обычным и необычным действиям; 2) Понимание различий намеренных и ненамеренных действий другого. Для оценки различий применялся непараметрический U-критерий Манна-Уитни.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. В исследовании приняли участие 39 детей с типичным развитием (М = 2 года 5 месяцев; ментальный возраст – 3 года 4 месяца) и 17 детей с риском расстройств аутистического спектра (М = 4 года 2 месяца; ментальный возраст – 2 года 3 месяца). Результаты исследования демонстрируют дефицитарность модели психического у детей с риском расстройств аутистического спектра в задачах на понимание различий намеренных и ненамеренных действий другого. Дети с риском расстройств аутистического спектра отличаются от детей с типичным развитием в попытках дотянуться до игрушки и отвернуться от нее при намеренном и случайном отказе. Вместе с тем, дети дошкольного возраста с риском расстройств аутистического спектра могут понимать намеренные действия других людей также, как и дети с типичным развитием раннего возраста в задачах, где нужно восполнять незавершенные действия взрослого.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение результатов</title><p>Обсуждение результатов. Результаты настоящего исследования согласуются с результатами предыдущих исследований, которые продемонстрировали, что дети дошкольного возраста с риском расстройств аутистического спектра могут понимать намеренные действия других людей, как и дети с типичным развитием, потому что дети в обеих группах справились с заданием на восполнение незавершенных действий взрослого. Несмотря на это, дети с риском расстройств аутистического спектра испытывали сложности в понимании намеренности отказа по сравнению с детьми с типичным развитием.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The relevance of the problem is due to the importance of mental modelling abilities for social adaptation – understanding other people, their intentions, predicting further actions, and the ability to understand and reason about the causes of our actions.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To compare children’s understanding of intentions based on unfinished ordinary and unusual actions, as well as children’s understanding of the differences between intentional and unintentional actions of others.Materials and Methods. The following tasks were used to assess understanding of intentions: 1) Understanding intentions  based on unfinished ordinary and unusual actions; 2) Understanding the differences between intentional and unintentional  actions of others. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the differences.Results. The study involved 39 typically developing children (M = 2 years 5 months; mental age – 3 years 4 months) and 17 children at risk for autism spectrum disorders (M = 4 years 2 months; mental age – 2 years 3 months). The results of the study demonstrate a deficit in the theory of mind of children at risk for autism spectrum disorders in tasks involving understanding the differences between intentional and unintentional actions of others. Children at risk for autism spectrum disorders differ from typically developing children in their attempts to reach for a toy and turn away from it when it is intentionally or accidentally denied. At the same time, preschool children at risk for autism spectrum disorders can understand the intentional actions of others as well as typically developing children in tasks where they need to complete an adult’s unfinished actions.Discussion. The results of this study are consistent with those of previous studies, which have shown that preschool children at risk for autism spectrum disorders can understand the intentional actions of others as well as typically developing children because children in both groups completed the task of completing an adult’s unfinished actions. Despite this, children at risk for autism spectrum disorders had difficulty understanding the intentionality of refusal compared to typically developing children.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>модель психического</kwd><kwd>понимание намерений</kwd><kwd>ранний возраст</kwd><kwd>дошкольный возраст</kwd><kwd>расстройства аутистического спектра</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>theory of mind</kwd><kwd>understanding of intentions</kwd><kwd>early age</kwd><kwd>preschool age</kwd><kwd>autism spectrum disorders</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильина, Е. А. (2024). Понимание детьми 2–4 лет с типичным развитием и риском РАС намеренных и ненамеренных действий другого. В Психология XXI века: калейдоскоп открытий. 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