<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">inppd</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Инновационная наука: Психология. Педагогика. Дефектология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Innovative science: psychology, pedagogy, defectology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2658-7165</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University - DSTU, Rostov-on-Don, Russia</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2658-7165-2025-8-6-52-62</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">BQBFWJ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">inppd-511</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПСИХОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Обонятельное восприятие: обзор методов когнитивных исследований</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Olfactory Perception: A Review of Cognitive Research Methods</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7316-205X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стройная</surname><given-names>Анастасия В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stroynaya</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анастасия Владимировна Стройная, аспирант, факультет психологии; научный сотрудник,</p><p>125009, г. Москва, ул. Моховая, 11/9;</p><p>125009, г. Москва, ул. Моховая, 9/4. РИНЦ: <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1264323" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1264323.</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia V. Stroynaya, Postgraduate, Faculty of Psychology; Researcher,</p><p>11/9, Mokhovaya St., Moscow, 125009;</p><p>9/4, Mokhovaya St., Moscow, 125009.</p><p>RSCI:<ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1264323" ext-link-type="uri"> </ext-link><ext-link xlink:href="https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1264323" ext-link-type="uri">https://www.elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=1264323</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anastasiastroinaya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова; Федеральный научный центр психологических и междисциплинарных исследований</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Federal Scientific Center for Psychological and Interdisciplinary Research</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Стройная А.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Стройная А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stroynaya A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.inov-ppd.ru/jour/article/view/511">https://www.inov-ppd.ru/jour/article/view/511</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Обоняние, выступающее одним из инструментов познания, участвует в формировании нашего восприятия окружающего мира совместно с другими сенсорными модальностями и оказывает непосредственное влияние на поведение людей. Статья посвящена методам, которые используются для изучения обонятельного восприятия и связанных с ним когнитивных функций. Рассматриваемые методы оценки были разделены по критерию необходимости осознанного ответа со стороны участников с дальнейшим указанием особенностей их применения в рамках проведения междисциплинарных исследований.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Проанализировать и классифицировать методы оценки обонятельного восприятия и связанных с ним когнитивных функций.</p><p>Субъективные методы оценки обоняния и обонятельного восприятия. К субъективным методам изучения и оценки обонятельного восприятия были отнесены психофизические, среди которых тесты на определение порога обнаружения, дискриминацию и идентификацию запахов. Среди них тест на определение порога обнаружения запаха с использованием одиночной лестницы, тест идентификации запахов Пенсильванского университета (UPSIT) и другие. Психометрические методы оценки обонятельного восприятия, также отнесенные к субъективным, представлены следующими инструментами: Шкала аффективного воздействия запаха (AIO), Шкала осведомленности о запахах (OAS), Опросник важности обоняния (IOQ), Реляционная шкала обоняния (EROL), Индекс непереносимости химических запахов (CII), Шкала химической чувствительности (CSS), Шкала чувствительности к химическим запахам (COSS), Опросник обонятельного поведения детей в повседневной жизни (COBEL) и Шкала влияния запаха ребенка на родительское поведение (COPs).</p><p>Объективные методы оценки обоняния и обонятельного восприятия. К объективным методам изучения и оценки обонятельного восприятия были отнесены психофизиологические, электрофизиологические методы и методы визуализации. Среди взаимосвязей, установленных в проведенных психофизиологических экспериментах, были зафиксированы изменения частоты сердечных сокращений, частоты дыхательных движений, амплитуды и продолжительности электрической проводимости кожи в результате воздействия различных обонятельных стимулов. В нейровизуализационных и электрофизиологических исследованиях обонятельного анализатора зачастую используют магнитно-резонансную томографию, функциональную магнитно-резонансную томографию, электроольфаграфию и электроэнцефалографию соответственно.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение результатов</title><p>Обсуждение результатов. Анализ литературы показал, что субъективные методы оценки позволяют выявить и оценить как нарушения обонятельной функции, так и перцептивные реакции на запахи. В свою очередь, объективные методы способны помочь в определении причины нарушения обонятельной функции, исследовании нейронной обработки запахов и коррелятов обонятельного восприятия. Современные исследования обонятельного восприятия используют междисциплинарный подход, сочетающий психофизику, нейровизуализацию и поведенческие эксперименты, что позволяет глубже понять, как мозг обрабатывает запахи и как они влияют на протекание когнитивных процессов. Результаты исследований обонятельного восприятия, проведенных с использованием субъективных методов, служат полезным дополнением к результатам, полученным по итогам исследований с использованием объективных методов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Olfaction, as one of the cognitive tools, participates in shaping our perception of the surrounding world together with other sensory modalities and has a direct impact on human behavior. This article is devoted to methods used to study olfactory perception and related cognitive functions. The evaluated methods were divided according to the criterion of the need for a conscious response from the participants, with further indication of their application characteristics in interdisciplinary research.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To analyze and classify methods to assess olfactory perception and related cognitive functions.</p><p>Subjective methods of olfactory assessment. Subjective methods for studying and evaluating olfactory perception included psychophysical methods, among which tests to determine thresholds for odor detection thresholds, discrimination, and odor identification. These include the single-staircase odor detection threshold test, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), and others. Psychometric methods for assessing olfactory perception, also classified as subjective, are represented by the following instruments. Affective Impact of Odor Scale (AIO), Olfactory Awareness Scale (OAS), Importance of Olfaction Questionnaire (IOQ), Emotional Relational Olfactory Scale (EROL), Chemical Intolerance Index (CII), Chemical Sensitivity Scale (CSS), Chemical Odor Sensitivity Scale (COSS), Child's Olfactory Behavior in Everyday Life Questionnaire (COBEL) and Child Odor Influence on Parental Behavior Scale (COPs).</p><p>Objective methods of olfactory assessment. Objective methods of studying and assessing olfactory perception included psychophysiological, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques. Among the relationships established in psychophysiological experiments, changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and amplitude and duration of skin electrical conductivity were recorded as a result of exposure to various olfactory stimuli. In neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies of the olfactory analyzer, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroolfactography, and electroencephalography are commonly used.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The literature analysis showed that subjective evaluation methods can reveal and evaluate both olfactory function disorders and perceptual responses to odors. In turn, objective methods can help determine the cause of olfactory dysfunction, investigate neural processing of odors, and correlate olfactory perception. Modern studies of olfactory perception use an interdisciplinary approach that combines psychophysics, neuroimaging, and behavioral experiments, which allows for a deeper understanding of how the brain processes odors and their influence on cognitive processes. The results of olfactory perception studies conducted using subjective methods serve as a useful complement to the results obtained from the research using the objective method.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обонятельное восприятие</kwd><kwd>обонятельный анализатор</kwd><kwd>порог обнаружения запаха</kwd><kwd>идентификация запаха</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>электроэнцефалография</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>olfactory perception</kwd><kwd>olfactory analyzer</kwd><kwd>odor detection threshold</kwd><kwd>odor identification</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>electroencephalography</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексанян, Ю. С., Кривопалов, А. А., и Мкртчян, Э. А. (2024). Современные методы диагностики нарушений обоняния. Российская ринология, 32(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.17116/rosrino20243201127</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksanyan, Yu. S., Krivopalov, A. A., и Mkrtchyan, E. A. (2024). Modern diagnostic methods of olfactory dysfunction. Russian Rhinology., 32(1), 27–32. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/rosrino20243201127</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванова, С. В., Сковронская, С. А., Гошин, М. Е., Бударина, О. В., и Куликова А. З. (2020). Влияние запаха на физиологические, эмоциональные и когнитивные аспекты здоровья человека в экспериментальных условиях (обзор литературы). Гигиена и санитария, 99(12), 1370–1375. https://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-12-1370-1375</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amoore, J. E. (1967). Specific anosmia: A clue to the olfactory code. Nature, 214(5093), 1095–1098. https://doi.org/10.1038/2141095a0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лопатин, А. С. (2014). Современные методы исследования обонятельного анализатора. динамика функции обоняния у пациентов с полипозным риносинуситом. Consilium Medicum, 16(3), 55–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bailer, J., Witthöft, M., &amp; Rist, F. (2006). The chemical odor sensitivity scale: reliability and validity of a screening instrument for idiopathic environmental intolerance. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.11.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amoore, J. E. (1967). Specific anosmia: A clue to the olfactory code. Nature, 214(5093), 1095–1098. https://doi.org/10.1038/2141095a0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bensafi, M., Rouby, C., Farget, V., Bertrand, B., Vigouroux, M., &amp; Holley, A. (2002). Influence of affective and cognitive judgments on autonomic parameters during inhalation of pleasant and unpleasant odors in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 319(3), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02572-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bailer, J., Witthöft, M., &amp; Rist, F. (2006). The chemical odor sensitivity scale: reliability and validity of a screening instrument for idiopathic environmental intolerance. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.11.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brand, G., Millot, J.-L., &amp; Biju, C. (2000). Comparison between monorhinal and birhinal olfactory stimulations in bilateral electrodermal recordings. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie Des Sciences - Series III - Sciences de La Vie, 323(11), 959–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0764-4469(00)01235-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bensafi, M., Rouby, C., Farget, V., Bertrand, B., Vigouroux, M., &amp; Holley, A. (2002). Influence of affective and cognitive judgments on autonomic parameters during inhalation of pleasant and unpleasant odors in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 319(3), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02572-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burón, E., Bulbena, A., Barrada, J.R., &amp; Pailhez G. (2013). EROL scale: a new behavioural olfactory measure and its relationship with anxiety and depression symptoms. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 41(1), 2–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brand, G., Millot, J.-L., &amp; Biju, C. (2000). Comparison between monorhinal and birhinal olfactory stimulations in bilateral electrodermal recordings. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie Des Sciences - Series III - Sciences de La Vie, 323(11), 959–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0764-4469(00)01235-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buschhüter, D., Smitka, M., Puschmann, S., Gerber, J. C., Witt, M., Abolmaali, N. D., &amp; Hummel, T. (2008). Correlation between olfactory bulb volume and olfactory function. NeuroImage, 42(2), 498–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burón, E., Bulbena, A., Barrada, J.R., &amp; Pailhez G. (2013). EROL scale: a new behavioural olfactory measure and its relationship with anxiety and depression symptoms. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 41(1), 2–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cain, W. S., Goodspeed, R. B., Gent, J. F., &amp; Leonard, G. (1988). Evaluation of olfactory dysfunction in the connecticut chemosensory clinical research center. The Laryngoscope, 98(1), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198801000-00017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buschhüter, D., Smitka, M., Puschmann, S., Gerber, J. C., Witt, M., Abolmaali, N. D., &amp; Hummel, T. (2008). Correlation between olfactory bulb volume and olfactory function. NeuroImage, 42(2), 498–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Croy, I., Buschhüter, D., Seo, H.-S., Negoias, S., &amp; Hummel, T. (2009). Individual significance of olfaction: Development of a questionnaire. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 267(1), 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-009-1054-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cain, W. S., Goodspeed, R. B., Gent, J. F., &amp; Leonard, G. (1988). Evaluation of olfactory dysfunction in the connecticut chemosensory clinical research center. The Laryngoscope, 98(1), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198801000-00017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dayawansa, S., Umeno, K., Takakura, H., Hori, E., Tabuchi, E., Nagashima, Y., Oosu, H., Yada, Y., Suzuki, T., Ono, T., &amp; Nishijo, H. (2003). Autonomic responses during inhalation of natural fragrance of Cedrol in humans. Autonomic neuroscience: basic &amp; clinical, 108(1-2), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2003.08.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Croy, I., Buschhüter, D., Seo, H.-S., Negoias, S., &amp; Hummel, T. (2009). Individual significance of olfaction: Development of a questionnaire. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 267(1), 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-009-1054-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doty, R. L. (2000). Odor threshold test administration manual. Haddon Heights, Sensonics, Inc.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dayawansa, S., Umeno, K., Takakura, H., Hori, E., Tabuchi, E., Nagashima, Y., Oosu, H., Yada, Y., Suzuki, T., Ono, T., &amp; Nishijo, H. (2003). Autonomic responses during inhalation of natural fragrance of Cedrol in humans. Autonomic neuroscience: basic &amp; clinical, 108(1-2), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2003.08.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doty R. L. (2007). Office procedures for quantitative assessment of olfactory function. American journal of rhinology, 21(4), 460–473. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doty, R. L. (2000). Odor threshold test administration manual. Haddon Heights, Sensonics, Inc.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doty, R. L., Marcus, A., &amp; Lee, W. W. (1996). Development of the 12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT). The Laryngoscope, 106(3 Pt 1), 353–356. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199603000-00021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doty R. L. (2007). Office procedures for quantitative assessment of olfactory function. American journal of rhinology, 21(4), 460–473. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doty, R. L., Shaman, P., Kimmelman, C. P., &amp; Dann, M. S. (1984). University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic. The Laryngoscope, 94(2 Pt 1), 176–178. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198402000-00004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doty, R. L., Marcus, A., &amp; Lee, W. W. (1996). Development of the 12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT). The Laryngoscope, 106(3 Pt 1), 353–356. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199603000-00021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferdenzi, C., Mustonen, S., Tuorila, H., &amp; Schaal, B. (2008). Children’s awareness and uses of odor cues in everyday life: A finland–france comparison. Chemosensory Perception, 1(3), 190–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12078-008-9020-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doty, R. L., Shaman, P., Kimmelman, C. P., &amp; Dann, M. S. (1984). University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic. The Laryngoscope, 94(2 Pt 1), 176–178. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198402000-00004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furukawa, M., Kamide, M., Ohkado, T., &amp; Umeda, R. (1989). Electro-Olfactogram (EOG) in olfactometry. Auris Nasus Larynx, 16(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0385-8146(89)80005-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferdenzi, C., Mustonen, S., Tuorila, H., &amp; Schaal, B. (2008). Children’s awareness and uses of odor cues in everyday life: A finland–france comparison. Chemosensory Perception, 1(3), 190–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12078-008-9020-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han, P., Su, T., Qin, M., Chen, H., &amp; Hummel, T. (2021). A systematic review of olfactory related questionnaires and scales. Rhinology, 59(2), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin20.291</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furukawa, M., Kamide, M., Ohkado, T., &amp; Umeda, R. (1989). Electro-Olfactogram (EOG) in olfactometry. Auris Nasus Larynx, 16(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0385-8146(89)80005-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han, P., Whitcroft, K. L., Fischer, J., Gerber, J., Cuevas, M., Andrews, P., &amp; Hummel, T. (2017). Olfactory brain gray matter volume reduction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. International forum of allergy &amp; rhinology, 7(6), 551–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.21922</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han, P., Su, T., Qin, M., Chen, H., &amp; Hummel, T. (2021). A systematic review of olfactory related questionnaires and scales. Rhinology, 59(2), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin20.291</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han, P., Zang, Y., Akshita, J., &amp; Hummel, T. (2019). Magnetic resonance imaging of human olfactory dysfunction. Brain topography, 32(6), 987–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-019-00729-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han, P., Whitcroft, K. L., Fischer, J., Gerber, J., Cuevas, M., Andrews, P., &amp; Hummel, T. (2017). Olfactory brain gray matter volume reduction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. International forum of allergy &amp; rhinology, 7(6), 551–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.21922</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hannum, M. E., Ramirez, V. A., Lipson, S. J., Herriman, R. D., Toskala, A. K., Lin, C., Joseph, P. V., &amp; Reed, D. R. (2020). Objective sensory testing methods reveal a higher prevalence of olfactory loss in COVID-19-positive patients compared to subjective methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chemical senses, 45(9), 865–874. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa064</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han, P., Zang, Y., Akshita, J., &amp; Hummel, T. (2019). Magnetic resonance imaging of human olfactory dysfunction. Brain topography, 32(6), 987–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-019-00729-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hashimoto, Y., Fukazawa, K., Fujii, M., Takayasu, S., Muto, T., Saito, S., Takashima, Y., &amp; Sakagami, M. (2004). Usefulness of the odor stick identification test for Japanese patients with olfactory dysfunction. Chemical senses, 29(7), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh061</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hannum, M. E., Ramirez, V. A., Lipson, S. J., Herriman, R. D., Toskala, A. K., Lin, C., Joseph, P. V., &amp; Reed, D. R. (2020). Objective sensory testing methods reveal a higher prevalence of olfactory loss in COVID-19-positive patients compared to subjective methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chemical senses, 45(9), 865–874. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hongratanaworakit, T., &amp; Buchbauer, G. (2004). Evaluation of the harmonizing effect of ylang-ylang oil on humans after inhalation. Planta Medica, 70(7), 632–636. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-827186</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hashimoto, Y., Fukazawa, K., Fujii, M., Takayasu, S., Muto, T., Saito, S., Takashima, Y., &amp; Sakagami, M. (2004). Usefulness of the odor stick identification test for Japanese patients with olfactory dysfunction. Chemical senses, 29(7), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh061</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hummel, T., Sekinger, B., Wolf, S. R., Pauli, E., &amp; Kobal, G. (1997). ‘Sniffin’ sticks’: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chemical senses, 22(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/22.1.39</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hongratanaworakit, T., &amp; Buchbauer, G. (2004). Evaluation of the harmonizing effect of ylang-ylang oil on humans after inhalation. Planta Medica, 70(7), 632–636. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-827186</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova, S.V., Skovronskaya, S.A., Goshin, M.E., Budarina, O.V., Kulikova, A.Z (2020). The study of the odour impact on physiological, emotional, and cognitive aspects of human health under experimental conditions (literature review). Hygiene and Sanitation, 99(12), 1370–1375. (In Russ.) https://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-12-1370-1375</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hummel, T., Sekinger, B., Wolf, S. R., Pauli, E., &amp; Kobal, G. (1997). ‘Sniffin’ sticks’: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chemical senses, 22(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/22.1.39</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Invitto, S., &amp; Grasso, A. (2019). Chemosensory perception: A review on electrophysiological methods in “cognitive neuro-olfactometry.” Chemosensors, 7(3), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors7030045</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Invitto, S., &amp; Grasso, A. (2019). Chemosensory perception: A review on electrophysiological methods in “cognitive neuro-olfactometry.” Chemosensors, 7(3), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors7030045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keller, A., &amp; Vosshall, L. B. (2004). Human olfactory psychophysics. Current Biology, 14(20), R875–R878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.066</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keller, A., &amp; Vosshall, L. B. (2004). Human olfactory psychophysics. Current Biology, 14(20), R875–R878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.066</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuroda, K., Inoue, N., Ito, Y., Kubota, K., Sugimoto, A., Kakuda, T., &amp; Fushiki, T. (2005). Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(−)-linalool, one of its major odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(2–3), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-1402-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuroda, K., Inoue, N., Ito, Y., Kubota, K., Sugimoto, A., Kakuda, T., &amp; Fushiki, T. (2005). Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(−)-linalool, one of its major odor components, on autonomic nerve activity and mood states. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(2–3), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-1402-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopatin, A. S. (2014). Modern methods of investigating the olfactory analyzer. Dynamics of olfactory function in patients with polypous rhinosinusitis. Consilium Medicum, 16(3), 55–59. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masaoka, Y., Koiwa, N., &amp; Homma, I. (2005). Inspiratory phase-locked alpha oscillation in human olfaction: source generators estimated by a dipole tracing method. The Journal of Physiology, 566(3), 979–997. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086124</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masaoka, Y., Koiwa, N., &amp; Homma, I. (2005). Inspiratory phase-locked alpha oscillation in human olfaction: source generators estimated by a dipole tracing method. The Journal of Physiology, 566(3), 979–997. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086124</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moulay, S., Benguergoura, H., &amp; Aouak, T. (2006). Use of inverse gas chromatography to account for the pervaporation performance in monitoring the oxidation of primary alcohols. Journal of Chromatography. A, 1135(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.046</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moulay, S., Benguergoura, H., &amp; Aouak, T. (2006). Use of inverse gas chromatography to account for the pervaporation performance in monitoring the oxidation of primary alcohols. Journal of Chromatography. A, 1135(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nordin, S., Brämerson, A., &amp; Lidén, E. (1998). The scandinavian odor-identification test: Development, reliability, validity and normative data. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 118(2), 226–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489850154946</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nordin, S., Brämerson, A., &amp; Lidén, E. (1998). The scandinavian odor-identification test: Development, reliability, validity and normative data. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 118(2), 226–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489850154946</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nordin, S., Millqvist, E., Löwhagen, O., &amp; Bende, M. (2003). The Chemical Sensitivity Scale: Psychometric properties and comparison with the noise sensitivity scale. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(4), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-4944(03)00002-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nordin, S., Millqvist, E., Löwhagen, O., &amp; Bende, M. (2003). The Chemical Sensitivity Scale: Psychometric properties and comparison with the noise sensitivity scale. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(4), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-4944(03)00002-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okamoto, M., Shirasu, M., Fujita, R., Hirasawa, Y., &amp; Touhara, K. (2016). Child odors and parenting: A survey examination of the role of odor in child-rearing. PLoS ONE, 11(5), e0154392. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154392</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okamoto, M., Shirasu, M., Fujita, R., Hirasawa, Y., &amp; Touhara, K. (2016). Child odors and parenting: A survey examination of the role of odor in child-rearing. PLoS ONE, 11(5), e0154392. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154392</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osterhammel, P., Terkildsen, K., &amp; Zilstorff, K. (1969). Electro-olfactograms in man. The Journal of laryngology and otology, 83(7), 731–733. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100070894</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osterhammel, P., Terkildsen, K., &amp; Zilstorff, K. (1969). Electro-olfactograms in man. The Journal of laryngology and otology, 83(7), 731–733. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100070894</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pierce, J. D., Jr, Doty, R. L., &amp; Amoore, J. E. (1996). Analysis of position of trial sequence and type of diluent on the detection threshold for phenyl ethyl alcohol using a single staircase method. Perceptual and motor skills, 82(2), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.2.451</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pierce, J. D., Jr, Doty, R. L., &amp; Amoore, J. E. (1996). Analysis of position of trial sequence and type of diluent on the detection threshold for phenyl ethyl alcohol using a single staircase method. Perceptual and motor skills, 82(2), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.2.451</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simmen, D., &amp; Briner, H. R. (2006). Olfaction in rhinology--methods of assessing the sense of smell. Rhinology, 44(2), 98–101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simmen, D., &amp; Briner, H. R. (2006). Olfaction in rhinology--methods of assessing the sense of smell. Rhinology, 44(2), 98–101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smeets, M. A. M., Schifferstein, H. N. J., Boelema, S. R., &amp; Lensvelt-Mulders, G. (2008). The odor awareness scale: A new scale for measuring positive and negative odor awareness. Chemical Senses, 33(8), 725–734. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjn038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smeets, M. A. M., Schifferstein, H. N. J., Boelema, S. R., &amp; Lensvelt-Mulders, G. (2008). The odor awareness scale: A new scale for measuring positive and negative odor awareness. Chemical Senses, 33(8), 725–734. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjn038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stadlbauer, A., Kaltenhäuser, M., Buchfelder, M., Brandner, S., Neuhuber, W. L., &amp; Renner, B. (2016). Spatiotemporal Pattern of Human Cortical and Subcortical Activity during Early-Stage Odor Processing. Chemical senses, 41(9), 783–794. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjw074</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stadlbauer, A., Kaltenhäuser, M., Buchfelder, M., Brandner, S., Neuhuber, W. L., &amp; Renner, B. (2016). Spatiotemporal Pattern of Human Cortical and Subcortical Activity during Early-Stage Odor Processing. Chemical senses, 41(9), 783–794. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjw074</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szarek, M. J., Bell, I. R., &amp; Schwartz, G. E. (1997). Validation of a brief screening measure of environmental chemical sensitivity: The chemical door intolerance index. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17(4), 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1997.0071</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szarek, M. J., Bell, I. R., &amp; Schwartz, G. E. (1997). Validation of a brief screening measure of environmental chemical sensitivity: The chemical door intolerance index. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17(4), 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1997.0071</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas-Danguin, T., Rouby, C., Sicard, G., Vigouroux, M., Farget, V., Johanson, A., Bengtzon, A., Hall, G., Ormel, W., De Graaf, C., Rousseau, F., &amp; Dumont, J. P. (2003). Development of the ETOC: a European test of olfactory capabilities. Rhinology, 41(3), 142–151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas-Danguin, T., Rouby, C., Sicard, G., Vigouroux, M., Farget, V., Johanson, A., Bengtzon, A., Hall, G., Ormel, W., De Graaf, C., Rousseau, F., &amp; Dumont, J. P. (2003). Development of the ETOC: a European test of olfactory capabilities. Rhinology, 41(3), 142–151.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walla, P., Hufnagl, B., Lehrner, J., Mayer, D., Lindinger, G., Deecke, L., &amp; Lang, W. (2002). Evidence of conscious and subconscious olfactory information processing during word encoding: a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study. Brain research. Cognitive brain research, 14(3), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00121-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walla, P., Hufnagl, B., Lehrner, J., Mayer, D., Lindinger, G., Deecke, L., &amp; Lang, W. (2002). Evidence of conscious and subconscious olfactory information processing during word encoding: a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study. Brain research. Cognitive brain research, 14(3), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00121-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whitcroft, K. L., &amp; Hummel, T. (2019). Clinical Diagnosis and Current Management Strategies for Olfactory Dysfunction: A Review. JAMA otolaryngology-- head &amp; neck surgery, 145(9), 846–853. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2019.1728</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whitcroft, K. L., &amp; Hummel, T. (2019). Clinical Diagnosis and Current Management Strategies for Olfactory Dysfunction: A Review. JAMA otolaryngology-- head &amp; neck surgery, 145(9), 846–853. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2019.1728</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., &amp; Rozin, P. (1999). Odor and affect: individual differences in the impact of odor on liking for places, things and people. Chemical senses, 24(6), 713–721. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/24.6.713</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., &amp; Rozin, P. (1999). Odor and affect: individual differences in the impact of odor on liking for places, things and people. Chemical senses, 24(6), 713–721. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/24.6.713</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang, J., &amp; Pinto, J. M. (2016). The Epidemiology of Olfactory Disorders. Current otorhinolaryngology reports, 4(2), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-016-0120-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang, J., &amp; Pinto, J. M. (2016). The Epidemiology of Olfactory Disorders. Current otorhinolaryngology reports, 4(2), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-016-0120-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
